The series of violent conflicts that broke out in Kalimantan between the end of 1996 and mid-2001 still affect many communities in the two provinces involved. West Kalimantan and Central Kalimantan. and in the receiving areas for IDPs (internally displaced persons). Five main episodes are usually distinguished: 1) the first conflict that began at Sanggau Ledo in December 1996. between Madurese and Dayaks; 2) the conflict between Madurese and Malays (later aided by Dayaks) in Sambas; 3) the riots in Pontianak between Madurese IDPs and Malays; 4) the riots in Kereng Pangi between Madurese and Dayaks; and 5) the conflict in Sampit between Madurese and Dayaks. which eventually spread to most of the province of Central Kalimantan. The numbers of official dead. which many consider underestimated. are: Sanggau Ledo 500. Sambas 186. Pontianak 2. Kereng Pangi 6 and Sampit 500. Some 200.000 IDPs were created by the incidents. many of whom still cannot return to their homes.
In all of the conflicts. Madurese composed the overwhelming majority of victims. either killed. wounded or displaced. The conflict impacted the livelihoods of the Madurese. of course. but also severely affected the economies of the areas concerned. as the Madurese played important roles in regional transport. road-building. resource extraction. farming. trading. the urban informal sector. and other key sectors. Much investment capital fled the regions following the conflict. Finally. the resettlement of over 100.000 IDPs in poor areas of Madura placed a severe burden on the island. since its mainly rural subsistence economy could not absorb the newcomers.
The articles in this volume address the central questions arising from this drawn-out series of complex humanitarian emergencies. What background conditions set the stage for the violence and displacement? Why were the Madurese singled out as victims? What impacts did the crisis have on communities in Kalimantan and in the areas receiving IDPs? With many of the crucial conflict issues still inadequately addressed-including measures to deal with the roots of conflict. to ensure the return of the displaced to their homes. and to provide compensation for victims-the volume provides reflections on moving conflict transformation forward.

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